大冶龙角山矿区农田土壤重金属形态分布及其来源

为研究大冶龙角山矿区某溪流段沿岸农田土壤基本理化性质和重金属分布情况,采用Tessier五步连续提取法提取并测定土壤中Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cd 7种重金属的形态与含量,并分析了重金属含量与土壤Fe和S含量之间的相关性。结果表明:所有重金属在大部分取样点总含量均超出湖北省土壤背景值;Cu和Cd总含量超过土壤环境质量三级标准(GB 15618—1995)限值,Zn、Pb、Cr和Ni符合土壤环境质量二级标准;Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd均以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,Pb、Cr和Cd存在一定比例的可交换态。矿山矿石组分主要为黄铁矿和黄铜矿,且Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的铁锰氧化物结合态、残渣态以及总含量的分布均与土壤Fe和S含量分布表现出较好的正相关关系,表明硫化物矿物开采引发了重金属Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd在该矿区农田土壤中的累积与污染。     

缺Fe/Zn及盐胁迫下苋菜对Cd及矿质元素的吸收与IRT1表达的关系

选用Cd低累积品种白梗尖叶苋菜(B)和高累积品种花红苋菜(H)2个苋菜品种,采用水培法分别研究了在缺Fe、缺Zn和盐胁迫3种处理条件下2个苋菜品种对矿质元素以及cd的累积特征,并通过测定2个品种不同处理根部IRT1(铁离子转运蛋白)的表达量,建立了缺Fe/Zn及盐胁迫下苋菜对Cd及矿质元素的吸收与IRT1表达的关系。结果表明,3个处理组中2个苋菜品种生物量均显著低于对照组,缺Fe以及缺Zn处理显著促进了2个苋菜品种对Cd以及矿质元素的累积,而盐胁迫显著抑制了苋菜对Cd的累积,同时促进了其对矿质元素的累积(P0.05)。不同处理下,Zn、Fe相关转运基因IRT1的表达差异显著,IRT1表达量的增加可以促进植物对Cd、Fe、Zn、Mn、Mg等元素的吸收(P0.05)。     

西藏吉隆盆地沉积物中黏土矿物组合及其古气候意义

沉积物中黏土矿物具有一定的古环境指示意义。对吉隆盆地中上新世沉积物的研究表明,沉积物的矿物成分主要由黏土矿物伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石、蒙脱石以及长石、石英、方解石及少量的石膏等组成。沉积物的黏土矿物组合指示物源区气候演变经历了从暖湿到冷干的气候波动,显示了古气候由湿润逐渐变为干燥的演化规律。沉积物中伊利石结晶度的测量结果显示了古气候由湿润逐渐变为干燥的演化规律。     

Several micronutrients in the rotifer Brachionus sp. may not fulfil the nutritional requirements of marine fish larvae

The current best practice intensive culture of larval Atlantic cod includes feeding rotifers from onset of exogenous feeding until 25–30 days after hatching. These larvae grow considerably slower and develop higher frequencies of deformities than larvae reared in semi‐extensive systems, using copepods as feed. The present study compares the micronutrient concentrations in rotifers with those of copepods, with the aim of identifying nutrients that may be limiting for normal growth and development of cod larvae. An additional criterion used is the nutrient requirements given for fish in general, by NRC (1993) , as nutrient requirements of cod remains to be determined. Rotifers were fed on four different diets, consisting of baker's yeast with cod liver oil (3.3 : 1 dry weight (DW)/v), baker's yeast with Algamac 2000^TM (3.5 : 1 DW), baker's yeast with live algae Chlorella (4.1 : 1 DW), and Culture Selco 3000^TM (CS). CS was a complete commercial diet for rotifers while the other diets are considered as based on raw ingredients. Compared with copepod nutrient levels, rotifers grown on yeast‐based diets supplemented with either cod liver oil, Algamac 2000 or Chlorella were apparently sufficient for covering the requirements in cod larvae for all the B‐vitamins, except thiamine. Rotifers cultured on the CS diet also had sufficient amounts of thiamine. Of the minerals, only calcium and magnesium were sufficient, using this criterion while iron was on the borderline. However, with reference to the requirements given for larger fish ( NRC 1993 ), only thiamine, vitamin A, manganese, selenium and perhaps copper, appear too low in the rotifers cultured without extra micronutrient supplementation. The other nutrients were present at levels intermediate between copepod and fish requirement levels. This study suggests that it is necessary to develop enrichment techniques to produce rotifers with sufficient amounts of all micronutrients. Such techniques will also be important tools for determining which nutrients are present at levels below the actual requirements in cod larvae.     

Implications of early selection for grain colour on iron and zinc content and productivity of common bean

Brazilian consumers prefer beans of the beige grain colour. Common beans help supply dietary requirements for iron and zinc. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine whether early selection for grain colour affects the iron and zinc content and the grain yield in common beans and (ii) if an association between these characteristics was found, to obtain lines of carioca‐type grains with a high iron and zinc content and good grain yield. We evaluated 96 F_3:4, F_3:5 and F_3:6 progeny at two locations for iron and zinc content and grain yield. We selected 48 progeny for grain colour and chose 48 others at random. We found that early selection for grain colour does not affect the zinc content and grain yield. A positive and high association was found between iron and zinc content, and both iron and zinc content were slightly negatively correlated with grain yield. It is possible to obtain common bean lines combining a high iron and zinc content with good grain yield as long as a selection index is used.     

应用电超滤(EUF)对土壤供钾能力及其颗粒分级进行研究

The results from comparative study of the EUF-K values of four different soils and of their various particle fractions (< 2μm, 2-10μm and 10-50μm) showed that the EUF-K values were related to the composition of clay minerals and the soil particle size. The EUF-K values (0-35 min) were closely related to the amount of rapidly available K and part of non-exchangeable K of soils. Biological experiments proved that EUF technique was an effective method for evaluating soil K-supplying power.     

黑垆土有机碳在团聚体中的分配及其保护机制

以黄土高原广泛分布的黑垆土为研究对象,研究了6个粒级团聚体中总有机碳(TOC)、稳定性有机碳(St OC)、矿物保护态有机碳(MOC)、化学稳定性有机碳(ROC)和游离氧化铁(Fed)、无定形氧化铁(Feo)、络合态氧化铁(Fep)以及黏土矿物含量的特征,重点分析了有机碳在各粒级团聚体中的分配及其与黏土矿物和各种形态氧化铁之间的相关性,及探讨了有机碳的保护机制。结果表明:黑垆土中约80%的土壤有机碳赋存于0.5~0.25、0.25~0.05和0.05 mm的3个粒级团聚体中;黑垆土中的有机碳以St OC为主,其含量随着团聚体粒级的减小而增加。在0.5~0.25和0.25~0.05 mm团聚体中,TOC含量与Fed含量呈正相关关系,相关性系数(r)均为0.72(P0.05);在0.25~0.05 mm粒级团聚体中,ROC含量与Fed含量呈正相关关系(r=0.68,P0.05),而St OC和MOC含量与伊利石含量具有正相关关系r分别为0.71(P0.05)和0.68(P0.05)。黑垆土中对有机碳起保护作用的主要是Fed和伊利石,但二者对有机碳的保护机制可能有所不同:Fed与有机碳络合形成化学稳定性有机碳,而伊利石主要通过吸附作用实现对有机碳的保护。     

花岗岩风化产物中高岭石和埃洛石的粒径分布及其对土壤发生的意义

The kaolins collected from a profile of weathered granite at Yichun County, Jiangxi Province have been subjected to particle size fractionation by the conventional sedimentation method and examined by XRD, SEM and TEM. All of them exhibit a mixture phase of poorly crystallized kaolinites and halloysites (0.7 nm) occurring as the main clay minerals. Electron micrographs reveal that plate kaolinites are the principal constitution in the coarse fraction, and more tubular and curled halloysite (0.7 nm) in the fine fraction. Both of them show normal probability curves in particle size distributions. The ratios of kaolinite and halloysite (0.7 nm) in different size fractions are examined by X-ray diffraction with a series of X-ray patterns characterized by three main peaks at d(001), d(002) and d(020),varying in intensity. Therefore, an index Q_hm expressed as (I_d(001) + I_d(002))/(2×I_d(002)), is designed to indicate relative ratios of the two clay minerals in a number of mixture phases. Because kaolinite and halloysite (0.7 nm) commonly occurred, respectively, in low and medium leaching microenvironment, the index Q_hm, can be used to indicate weathering and pedogenic conditions of a weathering crust.     

亚热带小流域不同沉积区土壤粘粒矿物的演变

在亚热带丘陵河谷地小流域范围内地表物质的迁移常可导致不同沉积区物质组成的变化 .从黄泥土→洪积泥砂土→培泥砂土 ,随着搬运距离的增加 ,其粘粒矿物组成发生了一系列的变化 ;高岭石逐渐下降 ,云母逐渐增加 ,蛭石渐趋下降消失 ,而绿泥石则逐渐形成 ;同时赤铁矿、针铁矿也先后下降消失 .矿物的演化与沉积物所处环境的水分条件及溶液中盐基物质和酸碱度变化有关     

山东主要果园土壤的粘土矿物组成及其吸附特性

研究了山东主要果园土壤中粘土矿物的组成、类型及其对P、K和Cu、Zn、Pb金属元素的吸附特性。结果表明：山东主要果园土壤的粘土矿物类型存在着明显的差异,淋溶较强,酸度较大的棕壤（简育湿润淋溶土）中粘土矿物以高岭石占优势,对P的吸附较强,但对K＋吸附固定较弱。含游离C aCO3较高的潮土（淡色潮湿雏形土）和褐土（简育干润淋溶土）,对P有较强的吸附和沉淀作用,使土壤磷的有效性降低。而砂姜黑土（钙积潮湿变性土）由于含有较高的蒙脱石和1.4 nm过渡矿物,对K＋具有很强的吸附和晶穴固定作用,因此砂姜黑土中磷肥和钾肥的有效性均较低,在施肥上应采取集中施肥和保持较湿润土壤环境等措施,以提高养分有效性。砂姜黑土和潮土对Cu、Zn、Pb金属元素的吸附显著地大于棕壤和褐土,主要的影响因素是不同土壤的粘粒含量和粘土矿物的类型的差异。同一土壤对Pb的吸附量远远大于对Zn和Cu的吸附量,主要取决于金属元素本身的化学性质和胶体的吸附特性。